Melanoma

Oncology
121
Pipeline Programs
30
Companies
50
Clinical Trials
6 recruiting
2
Approved Products

Pipeline by Development Stage

Preclinical
Phase 1
Phase 1/2
Phase 2
Phase 2/3
Phase 3
On Market
0
38
19
44
2
16
2
Early DiscoveryClinical DevelopmentMarket

Drug Modality Breakdown

Monoclonal Antibody
1548%
Small Molecule
1239%
ADC
26%
Vaccine
13%
RNA Therapeutic
13%
+ 107 programs with unclassified modality

On Market (2)

Approved therapies currently available

Bristol Myers Squibb
OPDIVOApproved
nivolumab
Bristol Myers Squibb
injection2015
Bristol Myers Squibb
YERVOYApproved
ipilimumab
Bristol Myers Squibb
CTLA-4-directed Blocking Antibody [EPC]injection2011

Competitive Landscape

52 companies ranked by most advanced pipeline stage

Bristol Myers Squibb
1
7
3
1
IpilimumabPhase 3Monoclonal Antibody1 trial
MDX-010Phase 35 trials
NivolumabPhase 3Monoclonal Antibody1 trial
Anti-CD137Phase 21 trial
CyclophosphamidePhase 21 trial
+13 more programs
Active Trials
NCT00495066No Longer Available
NCT06163170Completed100Est. Nov 2023
NCT03696069Completed501Est. Feb 2020
+19 more trials
M&
12 programs
5
1
1
1
2
EncorafenibPhase 3Small Molecule
Interferon-alpha2b - 1 yearPhase 31 trial
PEG-IntronPhase 2/31 trial
Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2bPhase 25 trials
E7386Phase 1/2
+7 more programs
Active Trials
NCT00749684Completed138Est. Sep 2009
NCT00723710Completed299Est. Sep 2012
NCT01943422Completed7Est. Dec 2016
+11 more trials
Pfizer
PfizerNEW YORK, NY
9 programs
2
1
5
1
LGX818Phase 31 trial
852APhase 21 trial
Anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody and HDIPhase 21 trial
LGX818Phase 21 trial
PF-3512676Phase 21 trial
+4 more programs
Active Trials
NCT01008527Completed22Est. Sep 2015
NCT05538130Recruiting124Est. Oct 2028
NCT00147550Terminated79Est. Jul 2013
+10 more trials
Pierre Fabre
Pierre FabreFrance - Aignan
5 programs
3
1
1
Encorafenib and BinimetinibPhase 3Small Molecule1 trial
Encorafenib + BinimetinibPhase 2Small Molecule1 trial
Binimetinib 15 MGPhase 11 trial
Binimetinib Oral TabletPhase 11 trial
binimetinibPhase 1Small Molecule
Active Trials
NCT05810740Completed37Est. Jan 2023
NCT05103891Unknown14Est. Nov 2021
NCT05097378UnknownEst. Jan 2024
+1 more trials
Regeneron
RegeneronTARRYTOWN, NY
5 programs
2
1
1
1
FianlimabPhase 3Monoclonal Antibody1 trial
CMP-001Phase 2/3
Fianlimab+cemiplimabPhase 2Monoclonal Antibody1 trial
CMP-001Phase 11 trial
REGN2810Phase 1
Active Trials
NCT02680184Completed199Est. Dec 2022
NCT06848088Enrolling By Invitation48Est. Oct 2029
NCT05352672Active Not Recruiting1,546Est. Sep 2031
Nektar Therapeutics
Nektar TherapeuticsSAN FRANCISCO, CA
4 programs
2
2
BempegaldesleukinPhase 3
NKTR-214Phase 3
Dose Escalation Doublet: Combination of NKTR-214 + nivolumabPhase 1/2Monoclonal Antibody
NKTR-262Phase 1/21 trial
Active Trials
NCT03435640TerminatedEst. May 2022
Amgen
AmgenTHOUSAND OAKS, CA
4 programs
1
3
ABP 206Phase 31 trial
ABP 206Phase 31 trial
Talimogene LaherparepvecPhase 31 trial
Talimogene laherparepvecPhase 21 trial
Active Trials
NCT04068181Completed72Est. Feb 2024
NCT06054555Active Not Recruiting633Est. Jan 2028
NCT05907122Completed256Est. Oct 2025
+1 more trials
Moderna
2 programs
1
1
Intismeran autogenePhase 31 trial
mRNA-4157Phase 2RNA Therapeutic1 trial
Active Trials
NCT03897881Active Not Recruiting267Est. Nov 2032
NCT05933577Active Not Recruiting1,089Est. Sep 2030
Sandoz
1 program
1
JPB898Phase 31 trial
Active Trials
NCT06587451TerminatedEst. Jan 2026
Polynoma
1 program
1
POL-103APhase 31 trial
Active Trials
NCT01546571TerminatedEst. Jun 2021
Celldex Therapeutics
2
3
1
glembatumumab vedotinPhase 2ADC1 trial
6MHPPhase 1/21 trial
6MHPPhase 1/21 trial
Trametinib daily Until PDPhase 1/21 trial
CDX-1140Phase 11 trial
+1 more programs
Active Trials
NCT03329950Completed132Est. Sep 2022
NCT04930783Recruiting30Est. Sep 2030
NCT03617328Completed33Est. Jan 2024
+3 more trials
Genentech
5 programs
3
2
VemurafenibPhase 2Small Molecule1 trial
VemurafenibPhase 2Small Molecule1 trial
Autogene cevumeranPhase 11 trial
BelvarafenibPhase 1Small Molecule1 trial
XL888Phase 11 trial
Active Trials
NCT03289962Completed272Est. Jul 2025
NCT04835805Active Not Recruiting65Est. Jun 2027
NCT02721459Active Not Recruiting26Est. Nov 2026
+2 more trials
Novartis
NovartisBASEL, Switzerland
5 programs
2
3
ImatinibPhase 2Small Molecule1 trial
NilotinibPhase 2Small Molecule1 trial
epothilone bPhase 21 trial
GleevecPhase 1/21 trial
PDR001Phase 1/21 trial
Active Trials
NCT00667953Terminated32Est. Mar 2011
NCT02404441Completed319Est. Jul 2020
NCT00421317Terminated13Est. Nov 2009
+2 more trials
Alliance Pharmaceuticals
4 programs
1
1
Paclitaxel, carboplatin, temozolomidePhase 21 trial
MK-3475Phase 11 trial
The Response of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D to Incidental Ultraviolet Light ExposureN/A1 trial
Ultraviolet Light Exposure and Immunosuppression in Cutaneous MelanomaN/A1 trial
Active Trials
NCT00832533Completed9Est. Jan 2010
NCT00996827Terminated100Est. Dec 2013
NCT02112032Completed43Est. Jul 2020
+1 more trials
E
4 programs
1
2
1
4-peptide melanoma vaccinePhase 2Vaccine1 trial
E7386Phase 1/21 trial
PalonosetronPhase 1/21 trial
DecitabinePhase 11 trial
Active Trials
NCT00791271Terminated17Est. May 2015
NCT05091346Completed89Est. Oct 2024
NCT00412425Completed30Est. May 2009
+1 more trials
AstraZeneca
AstraZenecaCAMBRIDGE, United Kingdom
3 programs
1
1
1
AZD6244Phase 21 trial
AZD6750Phase 1/21 trial
AZD6244Phase 11 trial
Active Trials
NCT00710515Completed30Est. Jun 2010
NCT07115043Recruiting60Est. Oct 2029
NCT00338130Completed239Est. Jul 2013
Providence Therapeutics
3 programs
2
1
PBMC re-infusionPhase 21 trial
CAVATAKPhase 11 trial
GR-MD-02Phase 1
Active Trials
NCT02307149CompletedEst. Nov 2019
NCT00961376TerminatedEst. Feb 2015
Sanofi
SanofiPARIS, France
3 programs
1
2
ALVACPhase 21 trial
ILX651Phase 22 trials
REGN2810Phase 11 trial
Active Trials
NCT03002376Completed47Est. Mar 2020
NCT00613509Terminated23Est. Jun 2010
NCT00078455CompletedEst. Aug 2005
+1 more trials
Bayer
BayerLEVERKUSEN, Germany
2 programs
1
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, MS-275Phase 21 trial
Fibrin SealantN/A1 trial
Active Trials
NCT00506311Completed53Est. Mar 2008
NCT00185302Completed28Est. Jul 2006
One Biosciences
2 programs
1
1
TovorafenibPhase 2Small Molecule1 trial
TovorafenibPhase 1Small Molecule1 trial
Active Trials
NCT07121829TerminatedEst. Dec 2024
NCT04985604TerminatedEst. Jul 2024
IO Biotech
2 programs
2
IO102-IO103Phase 21 trial
IO102/IO103Phase 21 trial
Active Trials
NCT05280314Recruiting60Est. Jan 2027
NCT05912244Active Not Recruiting43Est. Jun 2027
Roche
2 programs
2
RO7247669Phase 21 trial
VemurafenibPhase 2Small Molecule1 trial
Active Trials
NCT05419388Completed93Est. Nov 2025
NCT03224208Terminated9Est. Jan 2021
Highlight Therapeutics
Highlight TherapeuticsSpain - Valencia
1 program
1
BO-112 plus pembrolizumabPhase 2Monoclonal Antibody1 trial
Active Trials
NCT04570332Completed42Est. Nov 2024
Biohaven
BiohavenNEW HAVEN, CT
1 program
1
IpilimumabPhase 2Monoclonal Antibody1 trial
Active Trials
NCT04899921TerminatedEst. May 2023
Astex Pharmaceuticals
Astex PharmaceuticalsUK - Cambridge
1 program
1
Ipilimumab plus nivolumab plus guadecitabinePhase 2
Qilu Pharmaceutical
1
QLF31907Phase 21 trial
Active Trials
NCT05823246UnknownEst. Jul 2024
Elios Therapeutics
1 program
1
TLPLDCPhase 21 trial
Active Trials
NCT02301611CompletedEst. May 2022
Vyriad
1 program
1
VV1Phase 2
Astellas
1 program
1
YM155Phase 25 trials
Active Trials
NCT00257478CompletedEst. Mar 2007
NCT00498914Terminated41Est. Apr 2009
NCT00328588Completed37Est. Mar 2007
+2 more trials
Arcus Biosciences
1 program
1
ZimberelimabPhase 2Monoclonal Antibody1 trial
Active Trials
NCT05130177RecruitingEst. Jan 2031

+22 more companies

Trial Timeline

Clinical trial activity over time

2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b
Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b
SandozJPB898
AmgenABP 206
AmgenABP 206
ModernaIntismeran autogene
RegeneronFianlimab
Pierre FabreEncorafenib and Binimetinib
Bristol Myers SquibbNivolumab
Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin
AmgenTalimogene Laherparepvec
PfizerLGX818
Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin
PolynomaPOL-103A
Bristol Myers SquibbIpilimumab

Showing 15 of 50 trials with date data

Clinical Trials (50)

Total enrollment: 13,936 patients across 50 trials

NCT00686777Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

Pegylated Interferon (PEG-IFN) Alfa-2b and Low Dose Ribavirin for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients With Genotype 1 High Viral Load and Low Body Weight (Study P05172)(COMPLETED)

Start: Jan 2008Est. completion: Dec 201075 patients
Phase 4Completed
NCT00493805Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

Study of Response in Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) Participants Genotype 1 With Insulin Resistance and Prolonged Treatment Duration in Late Responders (P04823/MK-4031-303)

Start: Apr 2007Est. completion: Oct 200959 patients
Phase 4Terminated

Integrated Pharmacokinetics (PK)/Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity Study to Demonstrate Similarity of JPB898, a Proposed Biosimilar to Nivolumab, to Opdivo® in Combination With Yervoy®

Start: Dec 2024Est. completion: Jan 2026
Phase 3Terminated

A Study to Evaluate ABP 206 Compared With OPDIVO® (Nivolumab) in Subjects With Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma

Start: Nov 2023Est. completion: Jan 2028633 patients
Phase 3Active Not Recruiting

A Study to Evaluate Similarity of ABP 206 Compared With OPDIVO® (Nivolumab) in Subjects With Resected Melanoma

Start: Jul 2023Est. completion: Oct 2025256 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT05933577ModernaIntismeran autogene

A Clinical Study of Intismeran Autogene (V940) Plus Pembrolizumab in People With High-Risk Melanoma (V940-001)

Start: Jul 2023Est. completion: Sep 20301,089 patients
Phase 3Active Not Recruiting

Clinical Study of Fianlimab in Combination With Cemiplimab Versus Pembrolizumab in Adolescent and Adult Patients With Previously Untreated Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Melanoma

Start: Jul 2022Est. completion: Sep 20311,546 patients
Phase 3Active Not Recruiting
NCT05270044Pierre FabreEncorafenib and Binimetinib

Adjuvant Encorafenib and Binimetinib in High-risk Stage II Melanoma With a BRAF Mutation.

Start: May 2022Est. completion: May 2035815 patients
Phase 3Active Not Recruiting

Effectiveness Study of Nivolumab Compared to Placebo in Prevention of Recurrent Melanoma After Complete Resection of Stage IIB/C Melanoma

Start: Oct 2019Est. completion: Jun 2027790 patients
Phase 3Active Not Recruiting
NCT03138499Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

A Study of Nivolumab Plus Brentuximab Vedotin Versus Brentuximab Vedotin Alone in Patients With Advanced Stage Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Who Are Relapsed/ Refractory or Who Are Not Eligible for Autologous Stem Cell Transplant,

Start: Jun 2017Est. completion: Feb 202123 patients
Phase 3Terminated
NCT02263508AmgenTalimogene Laherparepvec

Pembrolizumab With Talimogene Laherparepvec or Placebo in Unresected Melanoma

Start: Dec 2014Est. completion: Mar 2021713 patients
Phase 3Terminated

Study Comparing Combination of LGX818 Plus MEK162 Versus Vemurafenib and LGX818 Monotherapy in BRAF Mutant Melanoma

Start: Sep 2013Est. completion: Sep 2024921 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT01578499Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

A Phase 3 Trial of Brentuximab Vedotin(SGN-35) Versus Physician's Choice (Methotrexate or Bexarotene) in Participants With CD30-Positive Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (ALCANZA Study)

Start: Jun 2012Est. completion: Jul 2018131 patients
Phase 3Completed

Study of a Melanoma Vaccine in Stage IIb, IIc, and III Melanoma Patients

Start: May 2012Est. completion: Jun 2021
Phase 3Terminated

Phase 3 Trial in Subjects With Metastatic Melanoma Comparing 3 mg/kg Ipilimumab Versus 10 mg/kg Ipilimumab

Start: Feb 2012Est. completion: Aug 2017831 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT00423800Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

Efficacy and Safety of 24 vs 48 Weeks of Pegetron® (Peginterferon Alfa-2b + Ribavirin) in Naïve Genotype 1 Hepatitis C (Study P05016)(TERMINATED)

Start: Dec 2006Est. completion: Oct 200956 patients
Phase 3Terminated
NCT00371761Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

PegIntron Versus Adefovir in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) e Antigen Positive Patients in Taiwan (P04498/MK-4031-278)

Start: Sep 2006Est. completion: Feb 200925 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT00378599Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

Effects of Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b and Ribavirin After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Subjects With Chronic Hepatitis C Recurrence (P04590AM3)(COMPLETED)

Start: May 2006Est. completion: Jul 2009125 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT00237484Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

Effect of Infliximab on the Efficacy of Peg-Intron/Ribavirin in Patients With Hepatitis C (Study P04257AM4)(COMPLETED)

Start: Jul 2005Est. completion: Jun 201189 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT00265395Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

Extended Treatment With PEG-Intron® and Rebetol® in Patients With Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C and Slow Virologic Response (Study P03685)

Start: Dec 2004Est. completion: May 20081,428 patients
Phase 3Completed

MDX-010 Antibody, MDX-1379 Melanoma Vaccine, or MDX-010/MDX-1379 Combination Treatment for Patients With Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma

Start: Sep 2004Est. completion: Oct 20091,783 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT00686517Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

Evaluation of Peginterferon Alfa-2b Monotherapy and Combination With Ribavirin in Participants With Acute Hepatitis C (P03552/MK-4031-137)

Start: Dec 2003Est. completion: Dec 2010130 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT01259934Merck & Co.Interferon-alpha2b - 1 year

Nordic Adjuvant IFN Melanoma Trial

Start: Nov 1996Est. completion: Jun 2008855 patients
Phase 3Completed
NCT03547154Merck & Co.Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b

Polyethylene Glycol Interferon Alfa-2b (PEG Intron) Versus Interferon Alfa-2b (INTRON^® A) in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) (C98026)

Start: Oct 1998Est. completion: Feb 2001344 patients
Phase 2/3Terminated

SCH 54031 PEG12000 Interferon Alfa-2b (PEG Intron, MK-4031) vs. INTRON®A (SCH 30500, MK-2958) as Adjuvant Therapy for Melanoma (C98-135, MK-4031-002)

Start: Aug 1998Est. completion: Feb 2001126 patients
Phase 2/3Terminated

A Study for the Treatment of Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer (HRPC) in Patients Previously Treated With Chemotherapy

Est. completion: Mar 2007
Phase 2Completed
NCT06848088RegeneronFianlimab+cemiplimab

A Study to Learn About the Long-Term Health of Adult Participants From a Previous Study of a New Melanoma Treatment

Start: Apr 2025Est. completion: Oct 202948 patients
Phase 2Enrolling By Invitation

Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant IO102-IO103 and Pembrolizumab KEYTRUDA® in Patients With Resectable Tumors

Start: Dec 2023Est. completion: Jan 202760 patients
Phase 2Recruiting

A Study of IO102/IO103, Nivolumab, and Relatlimab in People With Melanoma

Start: Jun 2023Est. completion: Jun 202743 patients
Phase 2Active Not Recruiting

Safety and Efficacy Study of QLF31907 in Advanced Melanoma and Urothelial Carcinoma

Start: Apr 2023Est. completion: Jul 2024
Phase 2Unknown
NCT05180097Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

Pembrolizumab and Brentuximab Vedotin vs GDP and Stem Cell Transplant for Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma

Start: Nov 2022Est. completion: Dec 202684 patients
Phase 2Recruiting
NCT05357794Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

Effectiveness of Concurrent Ultra-Low-Dose Total-Skin Electron Beam Therapy and Brentuximab Vedotin Given Quarterly Over 12 Months for Patients With Mycosis Fungoides

Start: Oct 2022Est. completion: Jan 202730 patients
Phase 2Recruiting

A Study of Multiple Doses of RO7247669 in Participants With Previously Untreated Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma

Start: Aug 2022Est. completion: Nov 202593 patients
Phase 2Completed

Zimberelimab (AB122) With TIGIT Inhibitor Domvanalimab (AB154) in PD-1 Relapsed/Refractory Melanoma

Start: Mar 2022Est. completion: Jan 2031
Phase 2Recruiting
NCT05097378Pierre FabreEncorafenib + Binimetinib

Perioperative Encobini in BRAFV600 Mutant Stage III (B/C/D) or Oligometastatic Stage IV Melanoma

Start: Jan 2022Est. completion: Jan 2024
Phase 2Unknown

Tovorafenib (DAY101) Monotherapy for Patients With Melanoma and Other Solid Tumors

Start: Jul 2021Est. completion: Jul 2024
Phase 2Terminated

Troriluzole or Placebo Plus Ipi Plus Nivo in Mel Brain Mets

Start: Jun 2021Est. completion: May 2023
Phase 2Terminated
NCT04609566Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

Brentuximab Vedotin With Pembrolizumab in Metastatic Solid Tumors

Start: Jan 2021Est. completion: Dec 2026161 patients
Phase 2Active Not Recruiting
NCT04570332Highlight TherapeuticsBO-112 plus pembrolizumab

BO-112 With Pembrolizumab in Unresectable Malignant Melanoma

Start: Dec 2020Est. completion: Nov 202442 patients
Phase 2Completed
NCT04587687Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

Brentuximab Vedotin and Bendamustine for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Follicular Lymphoma

Start: Dec 2020Est. completion: Dec 202623 patients
Phase 2Recruiting
NCT04334174Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

Study of Brentuximab Vedotin as Therapy After Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in Cluster of Differentiation Antigen 30 (CD30) Positive Peripheral TCell Lymphomas

Start: May 2020Est. completion: Feb 20230
Phase 2Withdrawn
NCT04795869Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

Brentuximab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab in Treating Patients With Recurrent Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma

Start: Mar 2020Est. completion: Mar 20290
Phase 2Withdrawn
NCT04068181AmgenTalimogene laherparepvec

Talimogene Laherparepvec With Pembrolizumab in Melanoma Following Progression on Prior Anti-PD-1 Based Therapy (MASTERKEY-115) (Mk-3475-A07/KEYNOTE-A07).

Start: Jan 2020Est. completion: Feb 202472 patients
Phase 2Completed
NCT03947255Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

A Study of Retreatment With Brentuximab Vedotin in Subjects With Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma or CD30-expressing Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma

Start: Oct 2019Est. completion: Nov 202212 patients
Phase 2Terminated

An Efficacy Study of Adjuvant Treatment With the Personalized Cancer Vaccine mRNA-4157 and Pembrolizumab in Participants With High-Risk Melanoma (KEYNOTE-942)

Start: Jul 2019Est. completion: Nov 2032267 patients
Phase 2Active Not Recruiting
NCT03198689Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

Brentuximab Vedotin in Early Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis

Start: May 2019Est. completion: Aug 202311 patients
Phase 2Completed

CAcTUS - Circulating Tumour DNA Guided Switch

Start: May 2019Est. completion: May 202421 patients
Phase 2Unknown
NCT03264131Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

BV-CHEP Chemotherapy for Adult T-cell Leukemia or Lymphoma

Start: Oct 2018Est. completion: Dec 202816 patients
Phase 2Active Not Recruiting

Study of Adjuvant Ipilimumab and Nivolumab in Subjects With High-risk Ocular Melanoma

Start: Jul 2018Est. completion: Jun 202352 patients
Phase 2Unknown
NCT03587844Pfizerbrentuximab vedotin

Dosing of Brentuximab Vedotin for Mycosis Fungoides, Sezary Syndrome Patients

Start: Jul 2018Est. completion: Jul 202658 patients
Phase 2Recruiting

Related Jobs in Oncology

Phase Legend

PreclinicalLab & animal studies
Phase 1Safety & dosing
Phase 2Efficacy testing
Phase 3Large-scale trials
On MarketApproved & available

Key Insights

16 late-stage (Phase 3) programs — potential near-term approvals
6 actively recruiting trials targeting 13,936 patients
30 companies competing in this space