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AZITHROMYCIN

azithromycin

Post-LOE

INJECTION · INJECTABLE

12.1 Mechanism of Action Azithromycin is a macrolide antibacterial drug [] 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Based on animal models of infection, the antibacterial activity of azithromycin appears to correlate with the ratio of area under the concentration-time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC) for certain pathogens ( S. pneumoniae and S. aureus ). The principal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter best associated with clinical and microbiological cure has not been elucidated in clinical trials with azithromycin. Cardiac Electrophysiology QTc interval prolongation was studied in a randomized, placebo-controlled parallel trial in 116 healthy subjects who received either chloroquine (1,000 mg) alone or in combination with oral azithromycin (500 mg, 1,000 mg, and 1,500 mg once daily). Co-administration of azithromycin increased the QTc interval in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. In comparison to chloroquine alone, the maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) increases in QTcF were 5 (10) ms, 7 (12) ms and 9 (14) ms with the co-administration of 500 mg, 1,000 mg and 1,500 mg azithromycin, respectively. Since the mean C max of azithromycin following a 500 mg I.V. dose given over 1 hr is higher than the mean C max of azithromycin following the administration of a 1,500 mg oral dose, it is possible that QTc may be prolonged to a greater extent with I.V. azithromycin at close proximity to a one hour infusion of 500 mg. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics In patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia receiving single daily one-hour intravenous infusions for 2 to 5 days of 500 mg azithromycin at a concentration of 2 mg/mL, the mean C max ± S.D. achieved was 3.63 ± 1.60 mcg/mL, while the 24-hour trough level was 0.20 ± 0.15 mcg/mL, and the AUC 24 was 9.60 ± 4.80 mcg•hr/mL. The mean C max , 24-hour trough and AUC 24 values were 1.14 ± 0.14 mcg/mL, 0.18 ± 0.02 mcg/mL, and 8.03 ± 0.86 mcg•hr/mL, respectively, in normal volunteers receiving a 3-hour intravenous infusion of 500 mg azithromycin at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Similar pharmacokinetic values were obtained in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia who received the same 3-hour dosage regimen for 2 to 5 days. 500 mg (2 mg/mL) for 2 to 5 days in community-acquired pneumonia patients. 500 mg (1 mg/mL) for 5 days in healthy subjects. Infusion Concentration, Duration Time after starting the infusion (hr) 0.5 1 2 3 4 6 8 12 24 2 mg/mL, 1 hr 2.98 ± 1.12 3.63 ± 1.73 0.60 ± 0.31 0.40 ± 0.23 0.33 ± 0.16 0.26 ± 0.14 0.27 ± 0.15 0.20 ± 0.12 0.20 ± 0.15 1 mg/mL, 3 hr 0.91 ± 0.13 1.02 ± 0.11 1.14 ± 0.13 1.13 ± 0.16 0.32 ± 0.05 0.28 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 Comparison of the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters following the 1 and 5 daily doses of 500 mg intravenous azithromycin showed only an 8% increase in C max but a 61% increase in AUC 24 reflecting a threefold rise in C 24 trough levels. Following single-oral doses of 500 mg azithromycin (two 250 mg capsule

2015

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